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Disclaimer

Tetris is a registered trademark of the Tetris Holding, LLC.

Rocket Nine Labs is in no way affiliated with Tetris Holding, LLC.

Minos

Game pieces are called "minos" because they are polyominos. This tutorial series will focus on the seven one-sided terominos, where each piece has four blocks.

         XX      X      X         X      XX     XX
XXXX     XX     XXX     XXX     XXX     XX       XX

 I       O       T       J       L       S       Z

The number of blocks a mino has is also known as its rank.

Mino data model

Tetris is played on an X-Y grid, so we will store minos as slices of points.

<!          !>   
<!          !>
<! 1,7      !>
<!          !>
<!   3,5    !>
<!          !>
<!          !>
<!     5,2  !>
<!          !>
<!  2,0     !>
<!==========!>
  \/\/\/\/\/

Example coordinate positions in 10x10 playfield

{{< highlight go >}} // Point is an X,Y coordinate. type Point struct { X, Y int }

func (p Point) Rotate90() Point { return Point{p.Y, -p.X} } func (p Point) Rotate180() Point { return Point{-p.X, -p.Y} } func (p Point) Rotate270() Point { return Point{-p.Y, p.X} } func (p Point) Reflect() Point { return Point{-p.X, p.Y} }

// Mino is a set of Points. type Mino []Point

var exampleMino = Mino{{0, 0}, {1, 0}, {2, 0}, {1, 1}} // T piece {{< / highlight >}}

Generating minos

Instead of hard-coding each piece into our game, let's procedurally generate them. This allows us to play with any size of mino.

Sorting and comparing minos

To compare minos efficiently while generating, we will define a String method which sorts a mino's coordinates before printing them.

This will allow us to identify duplicate minos by comparing their string values.

{{< highlight go >}} func (m Mino) Len() int { return len(m) } func (m Mino) Swap(i, j int) { m[i], m[j] = m[j], m[i] } func (m Mino) Less(i, j int) bool { return m[i].Y < m[j].Y || (m[i].Y == m[j].Y && m[i].X < m[j].X) }

func (m Mino) String() string { sort.Sort(m)

var b strings.Builder
b.Grow(5*len(m) + (len(m) - 1))

for i := range m {
	if i > 0 {
		b.WriteRune(',')
	}

	b.WriteRune('(')
	b.WriteString(strconv.Itoa(m[i].X))
	b.WriteRune(',')
	b.WriteString(strconv.Itoa(m[i].Y))
	b.WriteRune(')')
}

return b.String()

}

// Render returns a visual representation of a Mino. func (m Mino) Render() string { var ( w, h = m.Size() c = Point{0, h - 1} b strings.Builder ) for y := h - 1; y >= 0; y-- { c.X = 0 c.Y = y

	for x := 0; x < w; x++ {
		if !m.HasPoint(Point{x, y}) {
			continue
		}

		for i := x - c.X; i > 0; i-- {
			b.WriteRune(' ')
		}

		b.WriteRune('X')
		c.X = x + 1
	}

	b.WriteRune('\n')
}

return b.String()

} {{< / highlight >}}

Origin returns a translated mino located at 0,0 and with positive coordinates only.

A mino with the coordinates (-3, -1), (-2, -1), (-1, -1), (-2, 0) would be translated to (0, 0), (1, 0), (2, 0), (1, 1):

    |                       |
    |                       |X
--X-|-----      ->      ----XXX---  
 XXX|                       |
    |                       |

Translating a mino to (0,0)

{{< highlight go >}} // minCoords returns the lowest coordinate of a Mino. func (m Mino) minCoords() (int, int) { minx := m[0].X miny := m[0].Y

for _, p := range m[1:] {
	if p.X < minx {
		minx = p.X
	}
	if p.Y < miny {
		miny = p.Y
	}
}

return minx, miny

}

// Origin returns a translated Mino located at 0,0 and with positive coordinates only. func (m Mino) Origin() Mino { minx, miny := m.minCoords()

newMino := make(Mino, len(m))
for i, p := range m {
	newMino[i].X = p.X - minx
	newMino[i].Y = p.Y - miny
}

return newMino

} {{< / highlight >}}

Another transformation is applied not only to help identify duplicate minos, but also to retrieve their initial rotation, as pieces should spawn flat-side down.

XXX              X
  X      ->      XXX

Flattening a mino

Flatten calculates the flattest side of a mino and returns a flattened mino.

{{< highlight go >}} // Size returns the dimensions of a Mino. func (m Mino) Size() (int, int) { var x, y int for _, p := range m { if p.X > x { x = p.X } if p.Y > y { y = p.Y } }

return x + 1, y + 1

}

// Flatten calculates the flattest side of a Mino and returns a flattened Mino. func (m Mino) Flatten() Mino { var ( w, h = m.Size() sides [4]int // Left Top Right Bottom ) for i := 0; i < len(m); i++ { if m[i].Y == 0 { sides[3]++ } else if m[i].Y == (h - 1) { sides[1]++ }

	if m[i].X == 0 {
		sides[0]++
	} else if m[i].X == (w - 1) {
		sides[2]++
	}
}

var (
	largestSide   = 3
	largestLength = sides[3]
)
for i, s := range sides[:2] {
	if s > largestLength {
		largestSide = i
		largestLength = s
	}
}

var rotateFunc func(Point) Point
switch largestSide {
case 0: // Left
	rotateFunc = Point.Rotate270
case 1: // Top
	rotateFunc = Point.Rotate180
case 2: // Right
	rotateFunc = Point.Rotate90
default: // Bottom
	return m
}

newMino := make(Mino, len(m))
for i := 0; i < len(m); i++ {
	newMino[i] = rotateFunc(m[i])
}

return newMino

} {{< / highlight >}}

Variations returns the three other rotations of a mino.

 X             X                 X
XXX    ->      XX      XXX      XX
               X        X        X

Variations of a mino

{{< highlight go >}} // Variations returns the three other rotations of a Mino. func (m Mino) Variations() []Mino { v := make([]Mino, 3) for i := 0; i < 3; i++ { v[i] = make(Mino, len(m)) }

for j := 0; j < len(m); j++ {
	v[0][j] = m[j].Rotate90()
	v[1][j] = m[j].Rotate180()
	v[2][j] = m[j].Rotate270()
}

return v

} {{< / highlight >}}

Canonical returns a flattened mino translated to 0,0.

{{< highlight go >}} // Canonical returns a flattened Mino translated to 0,0. func (m Mino) Canonical() Mino { var ( ms = m.Origin().String() c = -1 v = m.Origin().Variations() vs string )

for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
	vs = v[i].Origin().String()
	if vs < ms {
		c = i
		ms = vs
	}
}

if c == -1 {
	return m.Origin().Flatten().Origin()
}

return v[c].Origin().Flatten().Origin()

} {{< / highlight >}}

Generating additional minos

Starting with a monomino (a mino with a single point: 0,0), we will generate additional minos by adding neighboring points.

                              X                XX   X   X      X   XX  XX
X    ->     XX    ->    XXX  XX    ->    XXXX  XX  XXX  XXX  XXX  XX    XX

Mino generation

Neighborhood returns the Von Neumann neighborhood of a point.

{{< highlight go >}} //Neighborhood returns the Von Neumann neighborhood of a Point. func (p Point) Neighborhood() []Point { return []Point{ {p.X - 1, p.Y}, {p.X, p.Y - 1}, {p.X + 1, p.Y}, {p.X, p.Y + 1}} } {{< / highlight >}}

NewPoints calculates the neighborhood of each point of a mino and returns only the new points.

{{< highlight go >}} // Neighborhood returns the Von Neumann neighborhood of a Point. func (m Mino) HasPoint(p Point) bool { for _, mp := range m { if mp == p { return true } }

return false

}

// NewPoints calculates the neighborhood of each Point of a Mino and returns only the new Points. func (m Mino) NewPoints() []Point { var newPoints []Point

for _, p := range m {
	for _, np := range p.Neighborhood() {
		if m.HasPoint(np) {
			continue
		}

		newPoints = append(newPoints, np)
	}
}

return newPoints

} {{< / highlight >}}

NewMinos returns a new mino for every new neighborhood point of a supplied mino.

{{< highlight go >}} // NewMinos returns a new Mino for every new neighborhood Point of a supplied Mino. func (m Mino) NewMinos() []Mino { points := m.NewPoints()

minos := make([]Mino, len(points))
for i, p := range points {
	minos[i] = append(m, p).Canonical()
}

return minos

} {{< / highlight >}}

Generating unique minos

Generate procedurally generates minos of a supplied rank.

We generate minos for the rank below the requested rank and iterate over the variations of each mino, saving and returning all unique variations.

{{< highlight go >}} // monomino returns a single-block Mino. func monomino() Mino { return Mino{{0, 0}} }

// Generate procedurally generates Minos of a supplied rank. func Generate(rank int) ([]Mino, error) { switch { case rank < 0: return nil, errors.New("invalid rank") case rank == 0: return []Mino{}, nil case rank == 1: return []Mino{monomino()}, nil default: r, err := Generate(rank - 1) if err != nil { return nil, err }

	var (
		minos []Mino
		s     string
		found = make(map[string]bool)
	)
	for _, mino := range r {
		for _, newMino := range mino.NewMinos() {
			s = newMino.Canonical().String()
			if found[s] {
				continue
			}

			minos = append(minos, newMino.Canonical())
			found[s] = true
		}
	}

	return minos, nil
}

} {{< / highlight >}}

Up next: The Matrix

In part two we create a Matrix to hold our Minos and implement SRS rotation.

10 KiB Raw Permalink Blame History

Disclaimer

Minos

Mino data model

Generating minos

Sorting and comparing minos

Generating additional minos

Generating unique minos

Up next: The Matrix

10 KiB

Raw Permalink Blame History